Fitness experts and exercisers love to debate—or even argue—about the best ways to build muscle, lose fat, and get in shape. Researchers also get in on the act, and there are hundreds of studies attempting to prove which training method or dietary approach is the most effective.

Common issues of contention include:

Low-intensity steady-state cardio vs. high-intensity interval training

Freeweights vs. machines

High-volume vs. low-volume strength training

Full body vs. split routines

Intermittent fasting vs. six meals a day

Each of these approaches has merit and, confusingly, they can all provide good results. In fact, these arguments rarely have a clear winner, as the outcomes often depend on the individual.

Scientific studies don’t always help, as they’re often inconclusive. For

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