The recent war between Iran and Israel will be remembered for what the world witnessed —from the direct, large-scale military strikes by both countries (and the United States), to a major shift in regional power dynamics, to the substantial damage done to the Iranian nuclear program, with still-unknown consequences.

But it should also be remembered for what it did not witness: While the conflict featured apparent cyber activities that ranged from low-level hacktivism to attacks on financial institutions, the impact of these activities were markedly limited. This is notable given speculation early in the conflict about how cyber would feature in the fight, and the fact that Iran and Israel both possess considerable prowess in the cyber domain.

Cyber activities have become

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