ANAHEIM, Calif. — The tiny patient, just 2 months old, was brought into the emergency department for difficulty breathing and problem feeding. Over the next weeks and months, the pediatric hospitalists at her hospital would need to identify and manage a trio of cardiac issues and decisions.

Was it heart failure or cardiac dysfunction?

When her weight dipped lower, the management of malnutrition was crucial.

When an alarm blared in the middle of the night, was it arrhythmia or artifact?

Three pediatric hospitalists addressed all these issues at a recent Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) 2025 session titled “Close Encounters of the Cardiac Kind.”

Heart Failure or Cardiac Dysfunction?

When the patient arrived, she was breathing faster than normal and had been progressively tired and

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