If it weren’t for post hoc analyses and findings from curious academic labs , the substantial list of biological differences that separates the sexes would still be relegated to the shadows. That list — including research from the fields of neurology, cardiology, immunology, oncology, endocrinology — shows that the longtime presumption of men and women reacting as one to diagnoses, disease progression, and treatment should be considered, scientifically speaking, passé.

But in the world of clinical trials, it has been and still is mostly a sexless, homogenous world. One reason: Stratifying by sex in a trial would not be cheap. “Doing that up front would cost millions more,” said Antonella Santuccione Chadha, MD, PhD, founder and CEO of the Women’s Brain Foundation and a former member o

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