At the heart of all life is a code. Our cells use it to turn the information in our DNA into proteins. So do maple trees. So do hammerhead sharks. So do shiitake mushrooms. Except for some minor variations, the genetic code is universal.

It’s also redundant. DNA can code for the same building block of proteins in more than one way. Researchers have long debated what purpose this redundancy serves — or whether it’s just an accident of history.

Thanks to advances in genetic engineering, they can now do more than just argue. Over the past decade, scientists have built microbes with smaller codes that lack some of that redundancy. A new study, published recently in the journal Science, describes a microbe with the most streamlined genetic code yet.

Remarkably, the engineered bacteria can ru

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