A fter the end of apartheid South Africa embarked on one of the world’s most extensive attempts to redress racial inequality. At the centre of this effort is Black Economic Empowerment ( BEE ), a set of policies that, in effect, force firms to sell discounted assets to black investors, hire more black managers and buy more from black suppliers. Though strongly backed by the African National Congress ( anc ), the party in charge since 1994, bee is being questioned like never before.

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