Artificial intelligence large language models (LLMs) showed the most racial bias when dealing with schizophrenic patients when compared with patients with eating disorders, depression, anxiety or attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a recent study published in npj Digital Medicine.

“We found most LLMs exhibited some form of bias when dealing with African American patients, at times recommending dramatically different treatments for the same psychiatric illness and otherwise same patient,” corresponding author Elias Aboujaoude, M.D., MA, director of the Program in Internet, Health and Society in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai, said in the study.

In this study, Aboujaoude and his team asked four of the most popular LLMs in psychiatry (

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