The Great Firewall, China’s nationwide system of online censorship and surveillance, was developed by Chinese company Geedge Networks. The Globe, along with a group of other researchers and reporters, reviewed a leak of more than 100,000 internal documents linked to the company.

In July, 2024, a group of Chinese technologists and researchers met at an office in Urumqi, capital of the Xinjiang region, to discuss efforts to stop internet users bypassing the Great Firewall, China’s vast online censorship and surveillance apparatus.

Even by Chinese standards, internet controls in Xinjiang are intense, a legacy of a years-long crackdown by the authorities targeting Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities. Preventing people from dodging these controls – to access banned websites or download se

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