In light of yesterday’s tragic events, I am posting an excerpt here from Randy Kennedy’s essay we published earlier this week at the NYU Democracy Project :

Because proponents of democracy are constantly battling its enemies, the ethics of fighting should be an important subject for its champions….

The arguments over the ethics of political struggle in which I have been involved have often taken place, figuratively or sometimes literally, under posters picturing a stern-looking Malcolm X alongside the slogan “By Any Means Necessary!” I object to that slogan if it means abjuring limits that morally bind dissidents. I insist upon recognizing boundaries by which to judge even terribly oppressed rebels as they struggle against repression. Acquiescing to a practice of no judgment when i

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