The Salmon River in Alaska winds for many kilometers through wild forest, tundra, and stunning mountain valleys. Once containing the purest water, sustaining fish and other wildlife, it's now cloudy and orange from climate change and the thawing of permafrost. This change not only alters the landscape, but it's also unleashing toxicity that threatens ecosystems, water quality, food security, and the health of local communities. The rest of this article is behind a paywall. Please sign in or subscribe to access the full content.

Permafrost is a vast layer of frozen soil and sediments. As a frozen state, permafrost has locked away millennia of organic matter, nutrients, and, unfortunately, pollutants too – including ones from industrial activity. Due to climate change, increased Arctic wa

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