The 2025 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to the US-Japanese trio of Mary E Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi “for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance".

Simply put, they have won the Nobel for research into how the immune system is kept in check. Their discoveries have been decisive in understanding how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases, the Nobel jury said.

Here’s a look at who they are:

SHIMON SAKAGUCHI

Japan’s Shimon Sakaguchi, 74, found a new class of T cells – a key discovery – when he was all but swimming against the tide in 1995.

According to the website of The Nobel Prize , at the time, many researchers were convinced that immune tolerance only developed due to potent

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