This is an excerpt from a new book of essays, October 7: The War Over Words and Deeds, edited by Donna Robinson Divine and Asaf Romirowsky. Cole Bunzel is a historian and scholar and fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. Article content

If the horrific events of October 7, 2023, ought to have made anything clear, it is that Hamas never ceased to bear violent, annihilationist intentions toward Israel, contrary to what many over the years had claimed or suggested. Article content

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On that morning, approximately 4,000 Hamas militants, together with some 2,000 other Gazans, broke through the Gaza-Israel border and rampaged across Israeli villages and kibbutzim, killing some 1,200 innocent people, the majority of them civilians, and ki

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