On 7 October 2025, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to John Clarke , Michel H enri Devoret , and John M atthew Martinis for their discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit in Stockholm, Sweden.

The laureates demonstrated that quantum mechanics governs macroscopic systems, with Josephson junctions underpinning quantum computers, flash memory, and ultra-precise quantum sensors.

Significance of the Discovery:

Experiments: Conducted in the mid-1980s, using a chip-based Josephson junction built from superconductors.

Observation: Demonstrated quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation, showing that macroscopic systems can exhibit quantum behaviour.

Impact: Lai

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