A one-sentence novel. Molecular structures used to contain toxic gases. Physics experiments that helped lay the groundwork for the cellphone. Groundbreaking discoveries about the immune system.

These are some of the contributions made by this year’s Nobel Prize winners. Every year, six prizes are awarded to individuals or groups for outstanding contributions across fields including physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, and economic sciences.

So far, four of the 2025 prizes have been announced, while the peace and economics prizes remain. The former will be announced on Friday, and the latter on Oct. 13.

President Donald Trump has openly lobbied for the peace prize, which he has been nominated for both this year and in the past , but has never won. “I deser

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