Britain is facing a surge in security threats from hostile states including Russia, Iran and China, even as the danger from terrorism remains “huge,” according to the country’s domestic intelligence chief.

MI5 Director General Ken McCallum said on Thursday that the agency is now dealing with more diverse and complex threats than ever before, with state-backed espionage and terror-linked activities both on the rise. “In 2025, MI5 is contending with more volume and more variety of threats from terrorists and state actors than I’ve ever seen,” McCallum said during his annual address at MI5 headquarters in London.

McCallum revealed that investigations into state-backed threats had jumped by 35 per cent, and that hostile nations were increasingly using “ugly” tactics once associated primarily

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