Whenever nuclear deterrence has been debated within NATO in recent years, two aspects have been the focus of attention, leaving out the most pressing issue connected to the alliance itself.

On the one hand, there is the question of whether Russia’s attack on Ukraine had fundamentally changed the threat situation and whether NATO’s nuclear arsenal – primarily American nuclear weapons in Europe – needed to be modernized or strengthened as a result.

Secondly, since Donald Trump took office as president, the question has arisen as to whether the United States can still be considered a reliable partner and what would happen if Washington were to withdraw its nuclear umbrella from its NATO allies.

A third question has largely been ignored so far: that of a credible and up-to-date nuclear stra

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