A mid rising geopolitical tensions, pressure to comply with climate obligations increasingly comes from courts. Earlier this year, both the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) issued landmark advisory opinions affirming that countries must address climate change and that failure to do so may carry serious legal consequences.

This renewed legal clarity comes at a critical moment. Last year was the hottest on record, with global average temperatures exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Yet the gulf between the urgency of the climate threat and the policy response continues to widen. In the absence of political will, the legal system has become a key driver of climate progress.

As COP30 in Brazil approaches, the gr

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