The proliferation of low-cost, long-range weapons mean Australia's once protective oceans offer little more security than narrow creeks, the nation's defence force chief says.

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Admiral David Johnston warned on Wednesday that a resurgence in state-on-state conflicts meant Australia must prepare for technologically complex and borderless battle.

More countries were in conflicts in 2024 than at any point since World War II and Australia should look to Ukraine's stoic defence of Russia's invasion for a clear blueprint on military capability, he told military leaders and weapons manufacturers.

"Australia, a nation girt by sea, has previously been

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