Published on : 08 Nov 2025, 11:01 am 4 min read

When the Karnataka High Court delivered its judgment in X Corp v. Union of India on September 24, 2025, it reaffirmed a familiar constitutional axiom - Article 19 guarantees its freedoms only to citizens, not to corporations, and certainly not to foreign ones.

That may sound routine, even obvious. Yet in today’s digital world, where public discourse is mediated almost entirely by transnational platforms, the reiteration carries deep resonance. The Court’s textual fidelity to the Constitution exposes a new constitutional question: how do citizen-based rights operate in a borderless communication order?

The judgment rests on firm doctrinal ground. Article 19(1) begins with “All citizens shall have the right…” The Court relied

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