In the two and a half years since Norfolk Southern's devastating train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, the company has undergone what it calls a "safety transformation."

The 2023 derailment was a wake-up call for Norfolk Southern and the industry. The crash, fire and chemical plume forced the town to evacuate, and residents still fear long-term effects of pollution.

The Atlanta-based railroad has since recruited unions and regulators to advise its effort to remake a safety culture and has trumpeted its progress.

It has spent hundreds of millions on new digital train inspection technology to prevent derailments. It has adjusted trainings across the company from its academy to its leadership to continuing education in the field.

In its most recent quarterly earnings, the company tout

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