The General Court of the European Union ruled on Wednesday that US retail giant Amazon must comply with Europe’s strictest online-platform rules following the company’s designation as a “Very Large Online Platform” (VLOP) under the Digital Services Act (DSA).

Amazon claimed that its VLOP designation infringed on fundamental rights guaranteed under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, such as the freedom to conduct a business. The company argued that obligations under the DSA may entail significant costs, complicate company structure, and impose hurdles than require complex technical solutions. It further asserted that these obligations encroach upon its right to property, as they substantially affect the use and management of its economic resources.

However, the

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