As the Conservative Party of Canada considers its leadership for the 2025 election, it may find valuable insights in a new book by historian Barbara Messamore. Her work, *Times of Transformation: The 1921 Canadian General Election*, explores the significant political shifts during a pivotal time in Canadian history.

The 1921 election marked a turning point in Canada. It was the first election in which all adult women were allowed to vote. The political landscape was shaped by the aftermath of the First World War, the Bolshevik Revolution, and the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike. These events created a backdrop of socialism, inflation, and labor unrest, leading to a fragmentation of political loyalties.

The war had a profound impact on Canada’s party system. In 1917, the Liberal Party split over the issue of conscription, resulting in a Union government formed with the Conservatives. This left Wilfrid Laurier with a diminished party primarily based in Quebec. Following Laurier's death, the Liberals turned to William Lyon Mackenzie King, a former labor mediator who was seen as a unifying figure amid class conflict and national division.

The 1921 election saw the emergence of the Progressives, a party formed from farmers' dissatisfaction with high tariffs and protectionism. This new party quickly became the second-largest in Parliament, demanding a transformation of the political landscape.

Arthur Meighen, who succeeded wartime Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden, was a prominent figure in this election. He was known for his intelligence and debating skills but was also controversial due to his support for unpopular wartime policies, including conscription and a stringent Elections Act. His leadership style contrasted sharply with that of King, who was characterized by pragmatic, consensus-driven governance.

King was often described as uninspiring, yet he was effective in maintaining power through compromise. He managed to keep a fragile coalition together, relying on support from both the Progressives and the high-tariff Liberal establishment. Despite holding a minority government, King’s ability to navigate the complexities of the political landscape allowed him to remain in office.

In contrast, Meighen, despite his impressive credentials, struggled to gain traction. His downfall was attributed not only to the backlash from wartime decisions but also to his reluctance to adapt his approach to governance. From 1921 to 1925, King governed with the support of Progressives and independents, showcasing a flexible leadership style that Meighen lacked.

The lessons from the 1921 election may resonate with the Conservative Party as it seeks to define its future leadership. Understanding the dynamics of coalition-building and the importance of adaptability in leadership could be crucial as the party prepares for the upcoming election cycle.