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Open courts are a cornerstone of democratic government, ensuring not only that justice is done but that it is seen to be done. As the Supreme Court recognized in Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court ("Press-Enterprise I"), "[p]eople in an open society do not demand infallibility from their institutions, but it is difficult for them to accept what they are prohibited from observing." While public access to court proceedings is indispensable to preserving this openness, access to court records is equally critical. In practice, much of the business of the courts—particularly in the federal system—takes place through written filings: motions, briefs, evidentiary submissions, and judicial opinions. Without access to these records, the public cannot unde

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