The UK is facing a new era that’s “forcing the biggest shift” in the intelligence agency’s mission since 9/11, the head of MI5 said in October.

“In the last year, we and the police have disrupted a steady stream of surveillance plots with hostile intent – aimed at individuals Russian leaders perceive as their enemies,” director general of MI5, Ken McCallum said.

“And we’re seeing Russia-based figures continuing to use online platforms in wider attempts – largely unsuccessful – to sow the seeds of violence, chaos and division here in the UK.”

One of the most pressing threats is covert tactics used by Russia to intimidate, cause chaos and death across the country without triggering a full-blown war across Europe. In other words, a grey war, a conflict in between peace and armed warfare.

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