This report analyzes the FPGA supply chain for US firms and the trade-offs these companies make among risks to cost, availability, and security; assesses how those trade-offs will change given a shifting global environment; and recommends policy interventions for the US government.

Overall, US firms tend to prioritize cost while significantly underinvesting in addressing substantial security and availability risks. Security risks are high given FPGAs’ technical complexity. Availability risks are largely driven by geographic and supplier concentration. Over the medium term, the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) ongoing build-out of lagging-edge semiconductor manufacturing capacity will reduce FPGA costs, but this incremental boost in capacity will carry additional availability and secur

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