In every conversation about AI, you hear the same refrains: “Yeah, but it’s amazing,” quickly followed by, “but it makes stuff up,” and “you can’t really trust it.” Even among the most dedicated AI enthusiasts, these complaints are legion.

During my recent trip to Greece, a friend who uses ChatGPT to help her draft public contracts put it perfectly. “I like it, but it never says ‘I don’t know.’ It just makes you think it knows,” she told me. I asked her if the problem might be her prompts. “No,” she replied firmly. “It doesn’t know how to say ‘I don’t know.’ It just invents an answer for you.” She shook her head, frustrated that she was paying for a subscription that wasn’t delivering on its fundamental promise. For her, the chatbot was the one getting it wrong every time, proof that it c

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