During our long careers, we were fortunate to conduct science and provide advice to address the primary culprit degrading the Chesapeake Bay, excessive inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus from human activities. We and other scientists found that this pollution stimulated algal blooms, clouded the water, caused valuable underwater grasses to die off and depleted life-sustaining oxygen throughout this magnificent estuary. With our colleagues, we also helped determine how much pollution reduction was required to restore the water quality needed by its living resources.

We were gratified when state and federal governments committed to pollution reduction targets and timelines based on this science over three successive agreements spanning the past 38 years. In fact, the world took note and the

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