WASHINGTON — A federal judge on Friday blocked the Trump administration from carrying out fast-track deportations of people detained far from the southern border, removing, for now, one of the cornerstones of President Donald Trump’s campaign to carry out mass deportations.

The case focused on a policy shift announced during the first week of Trump’s second term that authorized the Department of Homeland Security to launch quick deportations, across the country and without court proceedings, of immigrants lacking permanent legal status who cannot prove they have lived in the country for more than two years.

Such quick deportations, known as expedited removal, have been carried out for decades, but they were concentrated among people arrested at or near the southern border. The Trump admi

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