Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide, offering several health benefits, including increased alertness, improved athletic performance, and enhanced brain function. Many people can safely drink coffee on an empty stomach, but others may experience gastrointestinal discomfort and other symptoms.

1. Increased Stomach Acidity and Risk of Heartburn

Coffee is an acidic beverage, and drinking it on an empty stomach may cause the stomach to produce more acid. Having an excess of stomach acid may irritate the stomach lining and cause heartburn .

Drinking coffee may stimulate an increase in acid production in the stomach. When the acid travels up the esophagus, it causes a burning sensation in the chest, known as heartburn or reflux. Caffeine also relaxes the lower esoph

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