It's hard to imagine the horror of seeing a torpedo hunting you down in the frigid Atlantic waters. During World War II, nearly 13 million tonnes of Allied ships were sunk. Reporting of losses generally is measured by tonnage or number of ships, but it glosses over the thousands of people who were on those ships.
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The trail of an incoming torpedo bubble would be visible from a couple of sources but curiously, the first ever 'torpedo' would have none. In 1864 Giovanni Luppis came up with the idea of a weapon pulled by ropes from the land. It was impractical, but it sparked development over the next few decades.
Early torpedoes had a variety of