With the Russian advance deeper into the Donetsk region, the air in Ukraine’s last strongholds is thick with dread, and the future for civilians who remain grows ever more uncertain.

In Kostiantynivka, once home to 67,000 people, there’s no steady supply of power, water or gas. Shelling intensifies, drones fill the skies, and the city has become unbearable — driving out the last remaining civilians.

Kramatorsk, by contrast, still shows signs of life. Just 25 kilometers (15 miles) to the north, the prewar population of 147,000 has thinned, but restaurants and cafes remain open. The streets are mostly intact. Though the city has endured multiple strikes and is now dominated by the military, daily routines persist in ways that are no longer possible in nearby towns.

Once the industrial heart of Ukraine, Donetsk is being steadily reduced to rubble. Many residents fear its cities may never be rebuilt — and that if the war drags on, Russia will eventually swallow what’s left.

Kostiantynivka now sits on a shrinking patch of Ukrainian-held territory, wedged just west of Russian-occupied Bakhmut and nearly encircled on three sides by Moscow’s forces.

Olena Voronkova decided to leave Kostiantynivka earlier, in May, when she could no longer run her two businesses: a beauty salon and a cafe.

She and her family relocated to nearby Kramatorsk — so close, yet in many ways far away, as she is no longer able to enter her hometown. It wasn’t the first loss she had suffered since the war began. In 2023, a rocket strike from a multiple-launch system severely damaged their house.

The move to Kramatorsk wasn’t by choice, she added, but “because the circumstances left us no other option.” First came the mandatory evacuation orders. Then curfew so strict they could only move around the city for four hours a day. Then came the floods of remote-controlled drones.

“We’re used to life in Donetsk region. We feel good here. Kramatorsk is familiar. A lot of people from our city moved here — even local municipal workers,” she said.

Not long after arriving in Kramatorsk, she opened a cafe, nearly identical to the one she left behind. She said that the space just happened to look similar. It has high white walls and ornate mirrors she brought from her beauty salon, which is now in the combat zone.

The cafe has since become a refuge for others who also fled Kostiantynivka.

“At first there was hope that maybe some homes would survive, that people might go back,” she said. “Now we see it’s unlikely anyone has anything left. The city is turning into another Bakhmut, Toretsk or Avdiivka. Everything is being destroyed.”

She described the mood as “heavy” because “people are losing hope” and said it felt easier in Kramatorsk because everyone shared the same loss, which created a sense of connection and mutual support.

“No one really knows where to go next. Everyone sees that Russia isn’t stopping. And that’s where the hopelessness begins. No one has a direction anymore. The uncertainty is everywhere.”

War is slowly draining the life out of Kramatorsk, as if warning that it may be the next city to be reduced to rubble.

Eighteen-year-old Daria Horlova still remembers it bustling, a place where, at 9 p.m., life in the central square was just getting started. Now, it’s deserted at all hours, and 9 p.m. is when a strict curfew begins.

The city is regularly bombed thanks to its proximity to the front line, around 21 kilometers (13 miles) east.

“It’s still terrifying — when something’s flying overhead or strikes nearby, especially when it hits the city,” she said. “You want to cry, but there are no emotions left. No strength.”

She studies remotely at a local university that relocated to another region, and works as a nail artist. One day, she hopes to open her own salon. For now, she and her boyfriend are stuck in limbo, unsure of what to do next.

“It’s terrifying that most of the Donetsk region is occupied and that it was Russia who attacked,” she said. “That’s why it feels like everything could change at any moment. Just look at Kostiantynivka, not long ago, life there was normal. And now ...”

To distract herself from the anxiety - and the difficult decision she might soon have to make to leave - Daria is trying to focus on what brings her joy in the moment.

She was already evacuated from Kramatorsk once, earlier in the war, and doesn’t want to repeat it.

So, instead of dwelling on what the future could hold, she asked her boyfriend, a tattoo artist, to ink a large tattoo of a goat skull on her right leg - something she’s dreamed about for years.

“I think you just have to do things and do them as soon as you can,” she said. “Being here, I know this tattoo will be a memory of Kramatorsk, if I end up leaving.”

AP Video shot by Vasilisa Stepanenko