This piece is adapted from the book Water Mirror Echo by Jeff Chang. Copyright © 2025 by the author and reprinted with permission of Mariner Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.

“That I should be an American-born Chinese was accidental,” Bruce Lee once mused, “or it might have been by my father’s arrangement.”

Lee, cinema’s greatest martial artist and the most famous Asian American of all time, was born in San Francisco’s Chinatown on Nov. 27, 1940, in the segregated Chinese Hospital. His parents, Li (also anglicized as “Lee” in the U.S.) Hoi Chuen and Grace Ho, had come from Hong Kong a year earlier, sailing across the Pacific to perform Cantonese opera for Chinese American audiences across the United States.

They left behind three small children in the care of Hoi Chue

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