Rote learning has long been the ghost in the classroom: obedient to syllabi, efficient at producing correct answers under time pressure, and almost entirely indifferent to thought. It is a pedagogy of storage rather than sense. By contrast, conceptual learning requires students to locate ideas within structures, to see relations, and to generalise beyond the immediate exercise. The practical difficulty has never been philosophical assent—most teachers and parents profess allegiance to “understanding”—but rather the scarcity of timely feedback, laboratory conditions, and one-to-one guidance that conceptual learning demands. Artificial-intelligence personal computers (AI PCs) alter that calculus. They embed a reasoning partner at the learner’s elbow, one that can provoke explanation, diagn

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