It has been 11 years, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Swachh Bharat Mission stands as one of the most successful examples of sustainable development implementation in modern history. Over a decade under its belt, this flagship programme has evolved from a sanitation initiative into a comprehensive sustainable development model that has redefined India’s approach to public health, environmental stewardship, and social transformation.

The Swachh Bharat Mission’s success stems from its meticulously crafted implementation framework, which addressed both infrastructure development and behavioural transformation. Launched on October 2, 2014, the mission aimed to eliminate open defecation by constructing over 12 crore household toilets, while simultaneously fostering a nationwide culture of c

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