The India-Pakistan War of 1965 was a defining moment in the post-independence history of the Indian Army, which witnessed some of the most intense and strategically significant engagements. Following Pakistan’s audacious Operation Gibraltar and its subsequent attempt under Operation Grand Slam to capture Chhamb and sever the lines of communication to Rajouri, the Indian Army responded with carefully planned counteroffensives aimed at safeguarding territorial integrity and securing advantageous positions for potential post-conflict negotiations.

This phase, which saw Operation Riddle being launched by 11 Corps under Lieutenant General JS Dhillon and Operation Nepal by the newly raised I Corps under Lieutenant General PO Dunn, culminated in a ceasefire on 23 September by which time the Indi

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