New Delhi: The contemporary battlefield is no longer confined by the traditional triad of land, sea, and air as separate realms of combat. It has evolved into a complex, multidimensional battlespace that integrates these domains vertically and horizontally, creating a seamless operational environment where air and ground elements are intricately fused. The zone where soldiers fight and die now spans horizontally over 70 to 80 kilometres in depth and vertically up to 10,000 feet or more, enveloped in a dense mesh of artillery, rockets, surveillance drones, loitering munitions, attack helicopters, and man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS).

Despite advances in technology and doctrine, the Indian military has yet to optimally address a critical vulnerability in this battlespace: the lack

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