Scientists Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi have been awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their groundbreaking discoveries on peripheral immune tolerance. “The body’s powerful immune system must be regulated, or it may attack our own organs. [They] made groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance that prevents the immune system from harming the body,” the Nobel Assembly announced on Monday.

“Their discoveries have laid the foundation for a new field of research and spurred the development of new treatments, for example for cancer and autoimmune diseases,” it added.

The prestigious award, decided by the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute, carries a cash prize of $1.2 million and a gold medal, which will be presented

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