The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2025 was awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking work on the immune system, specifically focusing on "peripheral immune tolerance."

Their discoveries have advanced our understanding of how the immune system differentiates between harmful invaders and the body's own cells, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases and improving organ transplant success. Advertisement

Key findings

The scientists identified a special class of immune cells known as regulatory T cells. These cells act as "security guards" within the immune system. Their primary role is to prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own healthy cells. Without these regulatory cells, the immune system can mistaken

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