The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 has been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Ph.D., a molecular biologist at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle; Fred Ramsdell, Ph.D., a scientific adviser for Sonoma Biotherapeutics in San Francisco; and Shimon Sakaguchi, M.D., an immunologist at Osaka University in Japan, for their discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance, according to a news release published today.

The combined discoveries of Brunkow, Ramsdell and Sakaguchi explain how the immune system is regulated. In other words, how it discerns between what it should attack and what it should defend.

These discoveries have led to the development of more than 200 clinical trials for cancer and autoimmune diseases and to improve organ transplantation.

The three winners w

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