By Puneet Gupta and Siddharth Shekhar Singh, Respectively professor of finance, IMT Ghaziabad, and associate professor of marketing, Indian School of Business, Hyderabad & Mohali

India’s digital public infrastructure (DPI)—Aadhaar for identity, Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for instant payments, account aggregator (AA) for consented data sharing, and open commerce networks such as ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) built on Beckn—has already proven that open protocols, not closed platforms, can transform an economy. They worked because the rules were open, the interfaces were standardised, and participation was easy. The next wave of value will come from letting software act across these rails on our behalf. That requires a new kind of connective tissue for artificial intellige

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