WASHINGTON — Bipartisan talks to reopen the government intensified on Thursday as lawmakers in both parties felt increased urgency to alleviate a growing airport crisis , pay government workers and restore delayed food aid to millions of people. But resolution still appeared far off amid internal disagreements in both parties over the best way to end the shutdown, now in its 37th day.

Senate Democrats who have now voted 14 times not to reopen the government were meeting again Thursday. Moderates have been pushing a plan to pass a group of spending bills now and take up Republicans’ offer to have a vote at a later date on extending health care subsidies that expire Jan. 1.

But others in the Democratic caucus strongly oppose that framework, arguing that strong results for Democrat

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