T he 30th Conference of Parties (COP-30) on climate change will be held from November 10 to 21 in Belém, Brazil, bringing together nearly 40,000 delegates from about 200 countries. Since its inception in 1995 in Berlin under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the COP process has aimed to build consensus on science-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and plan long-term climate action.

Since the Industrial Revolution, rapid industrialization has transformed human living standards. Yet, Europe and North America alone have been responsible for nearly 47% of cumulative global carbon emissions. Developing nations, with limited capital, technology, and infrastructure, have borne the greatest burden of climate disruption despite contributing littl

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