The Geographical Pivot of History and Democratic Ideals and Reality are two great scholarly writings by Sir Halford Mackinder, who is considered one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy. The former was written a decade before the commencement of WWI, and the latter appeared in the same year as the Versailles Conference. The first gave us the Heartland Theory, and the second expanded it to connect it with moral, political and institutional questions.

Considering that Pakistan lies on the periphery of Mackinder's Heartland, I would like to describe the challenges Pakistan faces as it tries to balance in the struggle between the sea powers and the land powers to dominate the Heartland. Doing this, I would also like to propose that Mackinder's Heartland Theory is very m

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