NEW DELHI: In a landmark decision, the Government of India has announced that the four Labour Codes—the Code on Wages, 2019; the Industrial Relations Code, 2020; the Code on Social Security, 2020; and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020—will come into effect from 21 November 2025, rationalising 29 existing labour laws. By modernising labour regulations, enhancing workers’ welfare and aligning the labour ecosystem with the evolving world of work, this move lays the foundation for a future-ready workforce and stronger, more resilient industries driving labour reforms for an Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

Many of India’s labour laws were framed in the pre-Independence and early post-Independence era (1930s–1950s), at a time when the economy and world of work were fundamen

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