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The mitochondrial genome, once believed to serve a largely static and supportive role, has recently been revisited as a source of regulatory biomolecules. Among the mitochondrial-derived peptides identified in recent decades, MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) has emerged as an intriguing candidate for exploration in molecular, metabolic, and evolutionary biology. Discovered in 2015, MOTS-c is encoded within the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome and expressed as a 16-amino acid peptide. Unlike many nuclear-encoded proteins imported into mitochondria, MOTS-c arises directly from mitochondrial DNA, suggesting a unique signaling potential.

Investigations purport that MOTS-c might operate as a molecular bridge bet

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