Key points

Listeners significantly overestimate how much they understand what a speaker is talking about.

Conversations can be about different types of questions. This regularly causes confusion.

Speaking in more nuanced and specific ways improves conversation outcomes.

Experiments show that listening attentively and being receptive improves even charged conversations.

If you feel frustrated in conversation these days, you’re not alone. People often report not feeling heard . This is a missed opportunity, because we all want to feel seen and heard. And it makes a big difference to how discussions go.

Experiments show that, even when talking about highly charged ideological topics, if one person listens attentively and is receptive to the other’s ideas , the other person is likel

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