During the 2024 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised he would create a new Pax Americana — a MAGA/America First Golden Age — where America’s “stupid endless wars” would be over. In this new era, there would be peace in Ukraine. Order would be restored to the Middle East. No foreign power would be foolish enough to challenge this new world order, or “the killers” and “mad dog” generals he pledged to put in charge of the American military. In Trump’s fantasy, he would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Of course, none of this has happened.

Foreign policy is a type of signaling game that should clearly communicate intentions and consequences. Trump is erratic and impulsive, and he views public policy and the world as a type of stage for his personal entertainment and power plays. Plo

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