DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — Qatar hosted a summit of Arab and Islamic nations Monday in the hopes of presenting a united response to Israel’s attack on Hamas leaders last week in Doha . But as leaders offered different views about what to do, the group has few ways to restrain Israel in its war in Gaza.

Israel, which launched its invasion of Gaza in response to Hamas’ Oct. 7, 2023, attack, has retaliated against the militant group and other members of Iran’s so-called Axis of Resistance elsewhere, including in Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and now Qatar. That’s fueled wider anger among Mideast nations already enraged by the over 64,000 Palestinians killed during the war in Gaza — and growing concern that the U.S. commitment to protect Gulf Arab states may not be strong enough .

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