The path ahead for the India-China relationship would not be easy as China displays “arrogance of power” that is unacceptable to India, the late Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said in an essay being published posthumously, in September 2025, as part of a book. While striking a realist note on political and diplomatic issues with China, Singh urged greater economic engagement between India and its South Asian neighbours, as well as with southeast and east Asian countries, especially under the RCEP .

“China displays the arrogance of power and expects deference, which India will reject. A positive trend in India-China relations is unlikely in the foreseeable future, and our policies will need to be based on that premise,” Singh said in the essay titled ‘A Decisive Decade for India’, which

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