AS Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi was dead against individual beneficiary schemes. He even berated the employment safety-valve programme, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). As Prime Minister, Narendra Modi ran a blistering campaign, most stridently in 2022, against providing cash and other free benefits to people, contemptuously terming them freebies and ‘ revdis ’.

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